Study of some morphometric and meristic characteristics of Alepes vari (Cuvier, 1833) collected from the Arabian coast

Abstract The present study examines the correlations between fifteen morphometric and ten meristic characters and total length (TL) of males, females, and combined sexes of Alepes vari (Cuvier, 1833) collected from Karachi fish harbor, West Wharf of Karachi Coast. Statistical analyses of linear regression relationships show mostly strong correlations (r0.70; p 0.05) between total length (TL) and most morphometric characters in males, females, and combined sexes, except the height of pectoral-fin (PFH), and pelvic-fin base length (PelFL); whereas, meristic characters were found to be constant and indicate weak or negative type correlations (r0.50; p>0.05) with total length (TL). Hence, according to our present results, there is a direct relationship between the total length of fish and all morphometric characters, which were found to be the best indicators of positive allometric pattern growth in fish. Moreover, analysis of the 2-sample t-test revealed (t-test; p>0.05) that no sexual dimorphism was reported in Alepes vari. Thus, our present study could be valuable in systematic classification, sexual dimorphism, and management of this species on the Karachi coast.

Resumo O presente estudo examina as correlações entre 15 caracteres morfométricos e 10 caracteres merísticos e comprimento total (CT) de machos, fêmeas e sexos combinados de Alepes vari (Cuvier, 1833), coletados do porto de Karachi, West Wharf, na costa de Karachi. As análises estatísticas das relações de regressão linear mostraram, principalmente, correlações fortes (r 0,70; p 0,05) entre o CT e a maioria dos caracteres morfométricos em machos, fêmeas e sexos combinados, exceto a altura da nadadeira peitoral e o comprimento da base da nadadeira pélvica, enquanto os caracteres merísticos foram constantes, indicando correlações fracas ou negativas (r 0,50; p > 0,05) com o CT. Portanto, de acordo com nossos resultados, existe uma relação direta entre o CT dos peixes e todos os caracteres morfométricos, que foram considerados os melhores indicadores de crescimento do padrão alométrico positivo em peixes. Além disso, a análise do teste t de duas amostras revelou (teste t; p > 0,05) que nenhum dimorfismo sexual foi relatado em A. vari. Assim, o presente estudo pode ser valioso na classificação sistemática, dimorfismo sexual e manejo dessa espécie na costa de Karachi.

Growth performance and survivability of the Asian seabass Lates calcarifer (Bloch, 1790) reared under hyper-saline, hypo-saline and freshwater environments in a closed aquaculture system

Abstract Salinity is one of the most critical environmental parameters regarding fish physiology, modifying food intake and growth performance in many fish species. The present study has investigated the effects of different salinity levels on growth performance, feeding and survival of Asian seabass Lates calcarifer juveniles. Asian seabass juveniles were reared at 0 (T1), 5 (T2), 22 (T3), 36 (T4), and 42 (T5) ppt salinity. Approximately eight hundred thirty fish individuals with an average weight of 1.24±0.52 g were randomly distributed (166 fish/Tank) in 5 concrete tanks (each tank 30×6×4 ft, volume 19,122 L) for forty days. Juveniles were initially fed 42% crude protein-containing diets at a rate of 6% of their body weight per day. The results showed that salinity level had a significant effect on the weight gain (WG), average daily weight gain (ADWG), specific growth rate (SGR), feed conversion ratio (FCR), survival rate (SR), total biomass and health indices (p 0.05). The highest WG (39.11±1.49 g), ADWG (1.00±0.12 g), SGR (8.74±0.03% d-1) and lowest FCR (0.96±0.20) were observed with T3 treatment, which was significantly higher compared to other treatment groups (p 0.05). Among the health indices, the highest hepatosomatic index and viscerosomatic index were found with T3 treatment, significantly higher than the other groups (p 0.05). No significant differences were found among the treatments in terms of survival rate (p>0.05), but the maximum survival rate (98.89±0.0%) was observed in the T3 and T2 treatments. The maximum level of crude proteins (19.99±1.4%) was found in the whole-body biochemical composition of Asian seabass juveniles in the T3 treatment group. The second-order polynomial regression showed that 20 ppt salinity is optimum for the best growth of Asian seabass. Thus, the present study recommends 20 to 36 ppt salinity for the commercial farming of Asian seabass under a closed aquaculture system.

Resumo A salinidade é um dos parâmetros ambientais mais críticos em relação à fisiologia dos peixes, modificando a ingestão de alimentos e o desempenho de crescimento em muitas espécies. O presente estudo investigou os efeitos de diferentes níveis de salinidade no desempenho de crescimento, alimentação e sobrevivência de jovens espécies de robalos asiáticos Lates calcarifer, as quais foram criadas sob salinidade 0 (T1), 5 (T2), 22 (T3), 36 (T4) e 42 (T5) ppt. Aproximadamente 830 indivíduos de peixes com peso médio de 1,24 ± 0,52 g foram distribuídos aleatoriamente (166 peixes / tanque) em cinco tanques de concreto (cada tanque tinha 30 × 6 × 4 pés (9,1 x 1,8 x 1,2 metros), com volume de 19,12 litros) por 40 dias. Os peixes foram inicialmente alimentados com uma dieta contendo 42% de proteína bruta a uma taxa de 6% do seu peso corporal por dia. Os resultados mostraram que o nível de salinidade teve um efeito significativo no ganho de peso (GP), ganho de peso médio diário (GPMD), taxa de crescimento específico (TCE), taxa de conversão alimentar (TCA), taxa de sobrevivência (TS), biomassa total e índices de saúde (p 0,05). O maior GP (39,11 ± 1,49 g), GPMD (1,00 ± 0,12 g), TCE (8,74 ± 0,03% d-1) e o menor TCA (0,96 ± 0,20) foram observados com o tratamento T3, que foi significativamente superior em comparação com os outros tratamentos (p 0,05). Entre os índices de saúde, os maiores índices hepatossomáticos e viscerossomáticos foram encontrados no tratamento T3, significativamente superior do que os demais grupos (p 0,05). Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas entre os tratamentos quanto à TS (p > 0,05), mas a TS máxima (98,89 ± 0,0%) foi observada nos tratamentos T3 e T2. O nível máximo de proteína bruta (19,99 ± 1,4%) foi encontrado na composição bioquímica dos corpos dos jovens robalos asiáticos no grupo T3. A regressão polinomial de segunda ordem mostrou que a salinidade de 20 ppt é ótima para o melhor crescimento do robalo asiático. Assim, o presente estudo recomenda salinidade de 20 a 36 ppt para o cultivo comercial de robalo asiático em sistema de aquicultura fechado.

Biodiversity, distributions and isolation of microplastics pollution in finfish species in the Panjkora River at Lower and Upper Dir districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan

Abstract The basic aim of this study was aimed to determine the ichthyofaunal diversity of River Panjkora in both upper and lower Dir districts in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan.Fish samples were collected by using fishnets from March to September 2020. A total of 724 specimens were collected and classified into 5 families, 14 genera, and 18 species. The overall results revealed that most fish fauna of river Panjkora contains 8 species of family Cyprinidae (56.49%) followed by 4 species of Nemacheilidae (24.44%), 2 species of Channidae (10.63%), and Sisoridae (7.04%), and 1 species of Mastacembelidae (1.38%), respectively. Among all kinds of fish species, Schizothorax plagiostomus (16.57%) was highly dominated and followed by Carassius auratus (11.87%) and Racoma labiata (9.66%) and were reported as highly abundant, especially during April, May, and June. The least abundant species were Glyptothorax punjabensis, Glyptothorax sufii, and Mastacembelus armatus, that constituting 2.48%, 2.20%, and 1.38% of the total fish samples. The Overall Simpsons diversity (1-D= 0.919) and Simpsons Reciprocal index values (1/D= 12.3876), and Shannons index (H= 2.68) were indicating that river Panjkora contains a quite rich and diverse group of fish species. The highest microplastics observed in site 7 compared to other study area. Conservation steps should be taken as a top priority to protect and conserve the marine environment and natural heritage from further loss, extinction and stop or minimize losses incurred through irresponsible fishery practices

Resumo O objetivo básico deste estudo foi determinar a diversidade ictiofaunística do rio Panjkora nos distritos de Lower e Upper de Dir, na província de Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, no Paquistão. Amostras de peixes foram coletadas com redes de arrasto de março a setembro de 2020. Foram coletados 724 espécimes, classificados em 5 famílias, 14 gêneros e 18 espécies. Os resultados gerais revelaram que a maioria da ictiofauna do rio Panjkora contém 8 espécies da família Cyprinidae (56,49%), seguidas por 4 espécies de Nemacheilidae (24,44%), 2 espécies de Channidae (10,63%) e Sisoridae (7,04%) e 1 espécie de Mastacembelidae (1,38%). Entre todas as espécies de peixes, Schizothorax plagiostomus (16,57%) foi altamente predominante, seguida por Carassius auratus (11,87%) e Racoma labiata (9,66%), e elas foram relatadas como altamente abundantes, especialmente nos meses de abril, maio e junho. As espécies menos abundantes foram Glyptothorax punjabensis, Glyptothorax sufii e Mastacembelus armatus, que constituíram 2,48%, 2,20% e 1,38%, respectivamente, do total de peixes amostrados. O índice de diversidade de Simpson (1-D = 0,919), o índice recíproco de Simpson (1/D = 12,3876) e o índice de Shannon (H = 2,68) indicaram que o rio Panjkora contém um grupo bastante rico e diversificado de espécies de peixes. Os microplásticos mais altos foram observados no local 7 em comparação com outra área de estudo. Medidas de conservação devem ser tomadas como prioridade máxima para proteger e conservar o ambiente marinho e o patrimônio natural de novas perdas e extinção e para parar ou minimizar as perdas ocorridas por práticas de pesca irresponsáveis.

Study of some morphometric and meristic characteristics of Alepes vari (Cuvier, 1833) collected from the Arabian coast / Estudo de características morfométricas e merísticas de Alepes vari (Cuvier, 1833) coletados na costa da Arábia

The present study examines the correlations between fifteen morphometric and ten meristic characters and total length (TL) of males, females, and combined sexes of Alepes vari (Cuvier, 1833) collected from Karachi fish harbor, West Wharf of Karachi Coast. Statistical analyses of linear regression relationships show mostly strong correlations (r≥0.70; p<0.05) between total length (TL) and most morphometric characters in males, females, and combined sexes, except the height of pectoral-fin (PFH), and pelvic-fin base length (PelFL); whereas, meristic characters were found to be constant and indicate weak or negative type correlations (r≤0.50; p>0.05) with total length (TL). Hence, according to our present results, there is a direct relationship between the total length of fish and all morphometric characters, which were found to be the best indicators of positive allometric pattern growth in fish. Moreover, analysis of the 2-sample t-test revealed (t-test; p>0.05) that no sexual dimorphism was reported in Alepes vari. Thus, our present study could be valuable in systematic classification, sexual dimorphism, and management of this species on the Karachi coast.

O presente estudo examina as correlações entre 15 caracteres morfométricos e 10 caracteres merísticos e comprimento total (CT) de machos, fêmeas e sexos combinados de Alepes vari (Cuvier, 1833), coletados do porto de Karachi, West Wharf, na costa de Karachi. As análises estatísticas das relações de regressão linear mostraram, principalmente, correlações fortes (r ≥ 0,70; p < 0,05) entre o CT e a maioria dos caracteres morfométricos em machos, fêmeas e sexos combinados, exceto a altura da nadadeira peitoral e o comprimento da base da nadadeira pélvica, enquanto os caracteres merísticos foram constantes, indicando correlações fracas ou negativas (r ≤ 0,50; p > 0,05) com o CT. Portanto, de acordo com nossos resultados, existe uma relação direta entre o CT dos peixes e todos os caracteres morfométricos, que foram considerados os melhores indicadores de crescimento do padrão alométrico positivo em peixes. Além disso, a análise do teste t de duas amostras revelou (teste t; p > 0,05) que nenhum dimorfismo sexual foi relatado em A. vari.

Biodiversity, distributions and isolation of microplastics pollution in finfish species in the Panjkora River at Lower and Upper Dir districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan / Biodiversidade, distribuição e isolamento de poluições por microplásticos em espécies de peixes no rio Panjkora nos distritos de Lower e Upper Dir da província de Khyber Pakhtunkhwa do Paquistão

The basic aim of this study was aimed to determine the ichthyofaunal diversity of River Panjkora in both upper and lower Dir districts in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan.Fish samples were collected by using fishnets from March to September 2020. A total of 724 specimens were collected and classified into 5 families, 14 genera, and 18 species. The overall results revealed that most fish fauna of river Panjkora contains 8 species of family Cyprinidae (56.49%) followed by 4 species of Nemacheilidae (24.44%), 2 species of Channidae (10.63%), and Sisoridae (7.04%), and 1 species of Mastacembelidae (1.38%), respectively. Among all kinds of fish species, Schizothorax plagiostomus (16.57%) was highly dominated and followed by Carassius auratus (11.87%) and Racoma labiata (9.66%) and were reported as highly abundant, especially during April, May, and June. The least abundant species were Glyptothorax punjabensis, Glyptothorax sufii, and Mastacembelus armatus, that constituting 2.48%, 2.20%, and 1.38% of the total fish samples. The Overall Simpson's diversity (1-D= 0.919) and Simpson's Reciprocal index values (1/D= 12.3876), and Shannon's index (H= 2.68) were indicating that river Panjkora contains a quite rich and diverse group of fish species. The highest microplastics observed in site 7 compared to other study area. Conservation steps should be taken as a top priority to protect and conserve the marine environment and natural heritage from further loss, extinction and stop or minimize losses incurred through irresponsible fishery practices

O objetivo básico deste estudo foi determinar a diversidade ictiofaunística do rio Panjkora nos distritos de Lower e Upper de Dir, na província de Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, no Paquistão. Amostras de peixes foram coletadas com redes de arrasto de março a setembro de 2020. Foram coletados 724 espécimes, classificados em 5 famílias, 14 gêneros e 18 espécies. Os resultados gerais revelaram que a maioria da ictiofauna do rio Panjkora contém 8 espécies da família Cyprinidae (56,49%), seguidas por 4 espécies de Nemacheilidae (24,44%), 2 espécies de Channidae (10,63%) e Sisoridae (7,04%) e 1 espécie de Mastacembelidae (1,38%). Entre todas as espécies de peixes, Schizothorax plagiostomus (16,57%) foi altamente predominante, seguida por Carassius auratus (11,87%) e Racoma labiata (9,66%), e elas foram relatadas como altamente abundantes, especialmente nos meses de abril, maio e junho. As espécies menos abundantes foram Glyptothorax punjabensis, Glyptothorax sufii e Mastacembelus armatus, que constituíram 2,48%, 2,20% e 1,38%, respectivamente, do total de peixes amostrados. O índice de diversidade de Simpson (1-D = 0,919), o índice recíproco de Simpson (1/D = 12,3876) e o índice de Shannon (H = 2,68) indicaram que o rio Panjkora contém um grupo bastante rico e diversificado de espécies de peixes. Os microplásticos mais altos foram observados no local 7 em comparação com outra área de estudo. Medidas de conservação devem ser tomadas como prioridade máxima para proteger e conservar o ambiente marinho e o patrimônio natural de novas perdas e extinção e para parar ou minimizar as perdas ocorridas por práticas de pesca irresponsáveis.

Growth performance and survivability of the Asian seabass Lates calcarifer (Bloch, 1790) reared under hyper-saline, hypo-saline and freshwater environments in a closed aquaculture system / Desempenho de crescimento e sobrevivência do robalo asiático Lates calcarifer (Bloch, 1790) criado em ambientes hipersalinos, hipossalinos e de água doce em um sistema de aquicultura fechado

Salinity is one of the most critical environmental parameters regarding fish physiology, modifying food intake and growth performance in many fish species. The present study has investigated the effects of different salinity levels on growth performance, feeding and survival of Asian seabass Lates calcarifer juveniles. Asian seabass juveniles were reared at 0 (T1), 5 (T2), 22 (T3), 36 (T4), and 42 (T5) ppt salinity. Approximately eight hundred thirty fish individuals with an average weight of 1.24±0.52 g were randomly distributed (166 fish/Tank) in 5 concrete tanks (each tank 30×6×4 ft, volume 19,122 L) for forty days. Juveniles were initially fed 42% crude protein-containing diets at a rate of 6% of their body weight per day. The results showed that salinity level had a significant effect on the weight gain (WG), average daily weight gain (ADWG), specific growth rate (SGR), feed conversion ratio (FCR), survival rate (SR), total biomass and health indices (p<0.05). The highest WG (39.11±1.49 g), ADWG (1.00±0.12 g), SGR (8.74±0.03% d-1) and lowest FCR (0.96±0.20) were observed with T3 treatment, which was significantly higher compared to other treatment groups (p<0.05). Among the health indices, the highest hepatosomatic index and viscerosomatic index were found with T3 treatment, significantly higher than the other groups (p<0.05). No significant differences were found among the treatments in terms of survival rate (p>0.05), but the maximum survival rate (98.89±0.0%) was observed in the T3 and T2 treatments. The maximum level of crude proteins (19.99±1.4%) was found in the whole-body biochemical composition of Asian seabass juveniles in the T3 treatment group. The second-order polynomial regression showed that 20 ppt salinity is optimum for the best growth of Asian seabass. Thus, the present study recommends 20 to 36 ppt salinity for the commercial farming of Asian seabass under a closed aquaculture system.

A salinidade é um dos parâmetros ambientais mais críticos em relação à fisiologia dos peixes, modificando a ingestão de alimentos e o desempenho de crescimento em muitas espécies. O presente estudo investigou os efeitos de diferentes níveis de salinidade no desempenho de crescimento, alimentação e sobrevivência de jovens espécies de robalos asiáticos Lates calcarifer, as quais foram criadas sob salinidade 0 (T1), 5 (T2), 22 (T3), 36 (T4) e 42 (T5) ppt. Aproximadamente 830 indivíduos de peixes com peso médio de 1,24 ± 0,52 g foram distribuídos aleatoriamente (166 peixes / tanque) em cinco tanques de concreto (cada tanque tinha 30 × 6 × 4 pés (9,1 x 1,8 x 1,2 metros), com volume de 19,12 litros) por 40 dias. Os peixes foram inicialmente alimentados com uma dieta contendo 42% de proteína bruta a uma taxa de 6% do seu peso corporal por dia. Os resultados mostraram que o nível de salinidade teve um efeito significativo no ganho de peso (GP), ganho de peso médio diário (GPMD), taxa de crescimento específico (TCE), taxa de conversão alimentar (TCA), taxa de sobrevivência (TS), biomassa total e índices de saúde (p < 0,05). O maior GP (39,11 ± 1,49 g), GPMD (1,00 ± 0,12 g), TCE (8,74 ± 0,03% d-1) e o menor TCA (0,96 ± 0,20) foram observados com o tratamento T3, que foi significativamente superior em comparação com os outros tratamentos (p < 0,05). Entre os índices de saúde, os maiores índices hepatossomáticos e viscerossomáticos foram encontrados no tratamento T3, significativamente superior do que os demais grupos (p < 0,05). Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas entre os tratamentos quanto à TS (p > 0,05), mas a TS máxima (98,89 ± 0,0%) foi observada nos tratamentos T3 e T2. O nível máximo de proteína bruta (19,99 ± 1,4%) foi encontrado na composição bioquímica dos corpos dos jovens robalos asiáticos no grupo T3. A regressão polinomial de segunda ordem mostrou que a salinidade de 20 ppt é ótima para o melhor crescimento do robalo asiático. Assim, o presente estudo recomenda salinidade de 20 a 36 ppt para o cultivo comercial de robalo asiático em sistema de aquicultura fechado.

Effect of uncontrolled type-II diabetes mellitus and Its duration on nerve conduction parameters in adult Sudanese patients in Khartoum State

Background: Peripheral neuropathy is a serious complication of diabetes, which has socioeconomic consequences as well as a reduced quality of life. Early neuropathic process recognition and management could alter its course and considerably reduce the associated morbidity and mortality. This study determines the effect of long-term glycemic control on diabetic peripheral neuropathy in people with type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Methods: A hospital-based study was carried out at the National Centre of Neurosciences and Ibrahim Malik Hospital in Khartoum. All individuals who were older than 18 years and have had T2DM for less than 10 years were recruited. Using accepted techniques, the BMI, HbA1c level, and nerve conduction studies (NCS) were measured. Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), version 25.0 software. P-value ≤ 0.05 was considered significant. Results: Of the 95 patients with T2DM, 52 were male patients. Our findings showed that as the duration of diabetes increased, the sensory velocity reduced from 64.07 ± 3.22 to 54.00 ± 5.34 and the motor nerve from 63.39 ± 2.38 to 53.87 ± 2.08 (P = 0.05, P = 0.003, respectively). Additionally, with increased duration of diabetes, a significant decrease was seen in both motor nerve amplitude from 8.79 ± 3.11 to 6.94 ± 1.84 (P = 0.05) and sensory nerve amplitude from 25.71 ± 5.70 to 19.51 ± 6.51 (P = 0.003). Also, all parameters of NCS (velocity and amplitude) decreased when Hb A1c was >6 ­ sensory velocity from 63.96 ± 2.36 to 55.49 ± 2.43 (P = 0.03) and motor velocity from 63.00 ± 2.59 to 51.44 ± 1.66 (P = 0.02). And sensory amplitude decreased from 26.91 ± 1.26 to 20.85 ± 2.1 (P = 0.05), while motor amplitude decreased from 6.88 ± 3.55 to 6.61 ± 3.29 (P = 0.05). Additionally, there is a substantial (P = 0.05) correlation between sensory and motor amplitudes and the BMI. Conclusion: High BMI and poorly controlled (high HbA1c) long-term diabetes had a negative impact on all nerve conduction study parameters

Levetiracetam and Midazolam vs Midazolam Alone for First-Line Treatment of Children With Generalized Convulsive Status Epilepticus (Lev-Mid Study): A Randomized Controlled Trial

Background:Benzodiazepines are the first-line anti-seizure medication (ASM) for generalized convulsive status epilepticus (GCSE), but they fail to end seizures in a third of cases. Combining benzodiazepines with another ASM that acts by a different pathway could be a potential strategy for rapid control of GCSE. Objectives: To evaluate the efficacy of adding levetiracetam to midazolam in the initial treatment of pediatric GCSE. Design: Double-blind randomized controlled trial. Setting: Pediatric emergency room at Sohag University Hospital between June, 2021 and August, 2022. Participants: Children aged between 1 month and 16 years with GCSE lasting more than 5 min. Interventions: Intravenous levetiracetam (60 mg/kg over 5 min) and midazolam (Lev-Mid group) or placebo and midazolam (PlaMid group) as first-line anticonvulsive therapy. Outcome measures: Primary: cessation of clinical seizures at 20- min study time point. Secondary: cessation of clinical seizures at 40-min study time point, need for a second midazolam dose, seizure control at 24-hr, need for intubation, and adverse effects. Results: Cessation of clinical seizures at 20-min occurred in 55 children (76%) in Lev-Mid group compared with 50 (69%) in the PlaMid group [RR (95% CI) 1.1 (0.9-1.34); P=0.35]. No significant difference was found between the two groups regarding the need for a second midazolam dose [44.4% vs 55.6%; RR (95% CI) 0.8 (0.58- 1.11); P=0.18] as well as cessation of clinical seizures at 40-min [96% vs 92%; RR (95% CI)1.05 (0.96-1.14); P=0.49] and seizure control at 24-hr [85% vs 76%; RR (95% CI) 1.12 (0.94-1.3); P=0.21]. Intubation was required for three patients in the Lev-Mid group and six patients in the Pla-Mid group [RR (95%CI) 0.5 (0.13- 1.92); P=0.49]. No other adverse effects or mortality were observed during the 24-hour study timeframe. Conclusion: Combined levetiracetam and midazolam for initial management of pediatric GCSE presents no significant advantage over midazolam alone in cessation of clinical seizures at 20-min.

Diabetic microaneurysms detected by fluorescein angiography spatially correlate with regions of macular ischemia delineated by optical coherence tomography angiography

Purpose: To characterize the relationship between diabetic macular ischemia (DMI) delineated by optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) and microaneurysms (MAs) identified by fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA). Methods: Patients with diabetic retinopathy (DR) who underwent OCTA and FFA were retrospectively identified. FFA images were cropped and aligned with their respective OCTA images using i2k Align Retina software (Dual?Align, Clifton Park, NY, USA). Foveal avascular zone (FAZ) and ischemic areas were manually delineated on OCTA images, and MAs were marked on the corresponding FFA images before overlaying paired scans for analysis (ImageJ; National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA). Results: Twenty?eight eyes of 20 patients were included. The average number of MAs identified in cropped FFA images was 127 ± 42. More DMI was noted in the superficial capillary plexus (SCP; 36 ± 13%) compared to the deep capillary plexus (DCP; 28 ± 14%, P < 0.001). Similarly, more MAs were associated with ischemic areas in SCP compared to DCP (92.0 ± 35.0 vs. 76.8 ± 36.5, P < 0.001). Most MAs bordered ischemic areas; fewer than 10% localized inside these regions. As DMI area increased, so did associated MAs (SCP: r = 0.695, P < 0.001; DCP: r = 0.726, P < 0.001). Density of MAs surrounding FAZ (7.7 ± 6.0 MAs/mm2) was similar to other DMI areas (SCP: 7.0 ± 4.0 MAs/mm2, P = 0.478; DCP: 9.2 ± 10.9 MAs/mm2, P = 0.394). Conclusion: MAs identified in FFA strongly associate with, and border areas of, DMI delineated by OCTA. Although more MAs are localized to SCP ischemia, the concentration of MAs associated with DCP ischemia is greater. By contrast, few MAs are present inside low?flow regions, likely because capillary loss is associated with their regression.

Gastrointestinal tract involvement in patients with potential celiac disease beyond the small intestine: An early proof with IgA anti-tissue transglutaminase-2 antibody deposits

Background: IgA anti-tissue transglutaminase-2 antibody (anti-TG2Ab) deposits in intestinal and extraintestinal organs have been used to link the respective pathological changes in these organs with celiac disease (CeD). Aims: To know if parts of intestine other than the duodenum, such as esophagus, stomach, and colon, have any pathology related to potential CeD or have mucosal IgA anti-TG2 Ab deposits. Settings and Design: A prospective case–control study conducted from April 2018 to December 2019. Materials and Methods: Nine patients with potential CeD and 27 age- and gender-matched patients with irritable bowel syndrome were recruited as cases and controls, respectively. Mucosal biopsies were collected from esophagus, stomach, duodenum, and rectosigmoid regions, histological changes were evaluated, and IgA anti-TG2 Ab deposits were analyzed in these regions by two-color immunohistochemical staining. Statistics: Data were analyzed using statistical software Stata 14.0. Results: No distinct difference in mucosal lymphocytosis were identified between biopsies of patients with potential CeD and controls at the following sites: esophagus (11.1% vs 0%, P = 0.079), stomach (14.3% vs 7.7%, P = 0.590), and rectum (20% vs 0%, P = 0.067). Co-localized IgA anti-TG2Ab deposits were observed more in potential CeD than in controls at esophagus 22.2% (2/9) vs 0%, P = 0.012; stomach 66.7% (6/9) vs 11.5% (3/26), P < 0.001; and duodenum 66.7% (6/9) vs 0%, P < 0.001 but not at rectum 0% (0/4) vs 0% (0/25). Conclusion: Although histological changes are not distinct, a subset of subjects with potential CeD has pan-intestinal involvement other than in the duodenum.

Effect of Integrated Nutrient Management on Growth and Yield of Cauliflower

With the use of integrated nutrient management, cauliflower the growth and yield can be boosted. Due to their complementing effects, the ideal combination of different organic and inorganic sources of nutrients may significantly boost cauliflower growth and yield. The experiment consisted of 13 treatments viz. T1= N120P60K100S20 kg/ha (Recommended dose of NPKS as control), T2= N120P60K100S20 kg/ha + CD (5 t/ha), T3= N120P60K100S20 kg/ha + VC (4 t/ha), T4= N120P60K100S20 kg/ha + MSC (4 t/ha), T5= N120P60K100S20B0.6Mo0.54 kg/ha + CD (5 t/ha), T6= N120P60K100S20B0.6Mo0.54 kg/ha + VC (4 t/ha), T7= N120P60K100S20B0.6Mo0.54 kg/ha + MSC (4 t/ha), T8= N120P60K100S20 kg/ha + CD (5 t/ha) + Bio. (5 kg/ha), T9= N120P60K100S20 kg/ha + VC (4 t/ha) + Bio. (5 kg/ha), T10= N120P60K100S20 kg/ha + MSC (4 t/ha) + Bio. (5 kg/ha), T11= N120P60K100S20B0.6Mo0.54 kg/ha + CD (5 t/ha) + Bio. (5 kg/ha), T12= N120P60K100S20B0.6Mo0.54 kg/ha + VC (4 t/ha) + Bio. (5 kg/ha) and T13= N120P60K100S20B0.6Mo0.54 kg/ha + MSC (4 t/ha) + Bio. (5 kg/ha). The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) having single factor with three replications. Data were recorded on growth, yield components of cauliflower and significant variation was observed for most of the studied characters. Under this investigation, it was revealed that the highest yield (36.34 t/ha) with net return (Tk. 524202) and BCR (3.59) was obtained from T12 (N120P60K100S20B0.6Mo0.54 kg/ha + VC (4 t/ha) + Bio. (5 kg/ha) treatment. On the other hand, the lowest yield (13.50 t/ha) with net return (Tk. 137869) and BCR (2.04) was obtained from T1 (N120P60K100S20 kg/ha) treatment. So, economic analysis revealed that T12 (N120P60K100S20B0.6Mo0.54 kg/ha + VC (4 t/ha) + Bio-fertilizer (5 kg/ha) treatment appeared to be the best for achieving the higher growth, yield and economic benefit of cauliflower.

Fixation of Mallet Fractures Using a Modified Hook Plate Technique: A Prospective Case Series of 17 Patients / Fixação de fraturas em martelo com técnica de placa de gancho modificada: Uma série de casos prospectivos de 17 pacientes

Abstract Objective Various modalities have been suggested to manage mallet fractures; however, inappropriate treatment can lead to extension lag, a swan neck deformity, or arthritis of the distal interphalangeal joint (DIPJ). The current study aimed to evaluate the results (functional, radiological, and complications) of open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) of mallet fractures using low-cost hook plates fabricated from low-profile titanium mini plates. Methods A prospective case series of 17 consecutive patients (average age of 32.3 years) with mallet fractures (six were Wehbe Type IB and 11 were Wehbe Type MB). Eleven (64.7%) were males. The affected hand was dominant in all patients, and the affected digit was the index in 6 (35.3%), the ring in 5 (29.4%), the small in 3 (17.65%), and the middle in 3 (17.65%) patients. The same fellowship-trained hand surgeon performed all surgeries. Results The average operative time was 37.65 minutes. After an average follow-up of 10.94 months (range 6-27), the average DIPJ motion was 50º º (range 20º-70º), the extensor lag was noted in 4 (23.5%) patients, and complications were reported in 6 (35.29%) patients. According to Crawford criteria, 6 (35.3%) patients achieved excellent results, 7 (41.2%) achieved good results, and 4 (23.5%) achieved fair results. Conclusion The modified hook plate technique for fixation of mallet fractures is a beneficiai, economical, yet demanding technique that adequately provides stable fixation to allow early DIPJ motion with acceptable functional outcomes.

Resumo Objetivo Diversas modalidades têm sido sugeridas para o tratamento de fraturas em martelo; no entanto, o tratamento inadequado pode causar retardo de extensão, deformidade em pescoço de cisne ou artrite da articulação interfalangiana distal (AIFD). Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar os desfechos (funcionais, radiológicos e complicações) da redução aberta e fixação interna (RAFI) das fraturas em martelo com placas de gancho de baixo custo fabricadas com mini placas de titânio de baixo perfil. Métodos Série de casos prospectivos de 17 pacientes consecutivos (idade média de 32,3 anos) com fraturas em martelo (seis do tipo IB e 11 do tipo IIB de Wehbe). Onze (64,7%) pacientes eram do sexo masculino. A mão acometida era a dominante em todos os pacientes, com acometimento do dedo indicador em seis (35,3%), anelar em cinco (29,4%), mínimo em três (17,65%) e médio em três (17,65%) pacientes. O mesmo cirurgião de mão experiente realizou todas as cirurgias. Resultados O tempo operatório médio foi de 37,65 minutos. Após um acompanhamento médio de 10,94 meses (intervalo de 6 a 27), observou-se movimento médio da AIFD de 50º (intervalo de 20º a 70º), retardo de extensão em quatro (23,5%) pacientes e complicações em seis (35,29%) pacientes. De acordo com os critérios de Crawford, os desfechos foram excelentes em seis (35,3%), bons em sete (41,2%) e regulares em quatro (23,5%) pacientes. Conclusão A técnica da placa de gancho modificada para fixação de fraturas em martelo é benéfica e econômica, mas exigente; permite fixação estável e adequada para permitir a movimentação precoce da AIFD com desfechos funcionais aceitáveis.

Impact of H5N8 duck and chicken viral isolates on the immunological profile of vaccinated specific pathogen free chickens

Nowadays, there is a global concern about outbreaks caused by the highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N8 clade 2.3.4.4 which caused devastating losses in the poultry industry sector. This clade was subdivided into two waves: clade 2.3.4.4A from 2014 to 2015 and clade 2.3.4.4b from 2016 until now. In this literature we aimed to evaluate the efficacy of recently used inactivated commercial avian influenza vaccines against two new Egyptian highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N8 isolates of clade 2.3.4.4b, A/chicken/Egypt/1526v/2020/H5N8 (H5N8-CH) and A/Duck/Egypt/Qalubia321/2021 (H5N8-D). Three-week-old specific pathogen free chickens were vaccinated with eight types of the most recently used inactivated avian influenza vaccines containing homologous and heterologous virus to the circulating H5N8 isolates. All specific pathogen free chicken groups were bled weekly post vaccination for antibody analysis using two H5N8 isolates of chicken and duck origin as antigen in hemagglutination inhibition test. Also, all vaccinated chicken groups were challenged 4 weeks post vaccination against the H5N8 duck isolate with a dose of 109 EID50/0.1 mL per chicken to measure the protection percentage of the commercial vaccines used. The results showed that vaccines with homologous and heterologous virus showed variable degrees of accepted protection percentage ranged from 90percent to 100percent, thus it was concluded that not only the genetic and antigenic match of the vaccine strains with the circulating highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses influences vaccine efficiency; other factors, such as manufacturing procedures, adjuvant, antigen content, vaccine dose and administration factors could affect vaccine efficacy, therefore, further vaccine development studies are needed to improve the percentage of protection and prevention of viral shedding against local highly pathogenic avian influenza H5 viruses in Egypt(AU)

En la actualidad, existe una preocupación mundial por los brotes causados por el virus de la gripe aviar altamente patógena H5N8 clado 2.3.4.4 que causó pérdidas devastadoras en el sector de la industria avícola. Este clado se subdividió en dos oleadas: clado 2.3.4.4A de 2014 a 2015 y clado 2.3.4.4b de 2016 hasta ahora. En el presente trabajo, dos aislamientos egipcios de la gripe aviar altamente patógena H5N8 del clado 2.3.4.4b, A/chicken/Egypt/1526v/2020/H5N8 (H5N8_CH) y A/Duck/Egypt/Qalubia321/2021 (H5N8_D), se utilizaron para evaluar la eficacia de vacunas comerciales inactivadas contra la gripe aviar de reciente utilización. Pollos libres de patógenos específicos de tres semanas de edad fueron vacunados con ocho vacunas inactivadas contra la influenza aviar, de uso reciente, que contenían virus homólogos y heterólogos a los aislamientos circulantes de H5N8. Todos los grupos de pollos libres de patógenos específicos fueron sangrados semanalmente tras la vacunación para el análisis de anticuerpos; dos virus H5N8 aislados de pollo y pato se utilizaron como antígeno en la prueba de inhibición de la hemaglutinación. Además, todos los grupos de pollos vacunados fueron retados 4 semanas después de la vacunación con el virus H5N8 aislado de pato, con una dosis de 109 EID50/0,1 mL por pollo, para medir el porcentaje de protección de las vacunas comerciales utilizadas. Los resultados mostraron que las vacunas con virus homólogos y heterólogos presentaron grados variables de aceptada protección, la que osciló entre el 90 por ciento y el 100 por ciento, por lo que se concluyó que no sólo la coincidencia genética y antigénica de las cepas vacunales con los virus circulantes de la influenza aviar altamente patógena influye en la eficacia de la vacuna; otros factores, como los procedimientos de fabricación, el adyuvante, el contenido en antígenos, la dosis de la vacuna y los factores de administración podrían afectar a la eficacia de la vacuna, por lo que es necesario seguir estudiando el desarrollo de vacunas para mejorar la protección y la prevención de la excreción viral contra los virus H5 de la influenza aviar altamente patógena locales en Egipto(AU)

Growth and Yield of Tomatillo as Influenced by Planting Time and Macronutrients

With the use of a strategic pairing of planting time and macronutrients, tomatillo growth and yield can be boosted. Due to their complementing effects, the ideal combination of different planting times and macronutrients may significantly boost tomatillo growth and yield. The experiment was set by taking two treatment factors. Our treatment factors were: (1) Planting time (three time’s viz. T1 = 02 November, T2 = 12 November, and T3 = 22 November); and (2) Macro nutrients (four levels viz. F0 = N0P0K0 Kg/ha, F1 = N200P60K100 Kg/ha, F2= N250P90K120Kg/ha, F3 = N300P120K140 Kg/ha). The two factors experiment was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. In case of planting time, the sharp increase of fruits per plant (37.06), fruit weight (42.7 g), yield per plant ( 2.04 kg) and per hectare ( 85.06 t) were obtained from T3 (22 November). In case of macronutrients, the maximum number of fruits per plant (47.26), fruit weight ( 48.47 g), yield per plant ( 2.75 kg) and per hectare ( 114.59 t) were obtained from F1 (N200P60K100 Kg/ha). Combined effect (T3F1) had improved the number of fruits per plant (49.66), fruit weight ( 55.64 g), yield per plant ( 2.94 kg) and per hectare ( 122.84 t), vitamin C content (25.92 mg) and noted from T1F0 (02 November with N0P0K0Kg/ha) treatment combination that minimum number of fruits per plant (14.0), fruit weight ( 24.69 g), yield per plant ( 0.5 kg) and per hectare ( 20.85 t), vitamin C content (16.63 mg). So, the T3F1 treatment combination appeared to be the best for achieving the higher growth and yield of tomatillo.

A Comparative Study of the Response of Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare, Mill) Plants from Egypt and China to Spraying with Benzyladenine (BA)

Fennel plant (Foeniculum vulgare, Mill.) is one of most widely used plants in food and medicine. Our study aimed to show the response of fennel plants from Egypt and China planted in Egypt to foliar application of benzyladenine (BA) at various concentrations; control, 50, 100 and 150 ppm. The obtained results indicated that treated fennel plants with BA resulted in a significant increase in the vegetative growth, number of umbels/plant, fruit, yield and oil yield per plant and feddan as well as main components, total phenolic contents and antioxidant activity of essential oils compared to untreated plants. In general, the application of benzyladenine was more effective on Egyptian fennel plants than that of Chinese plants. Egyptian fennel plants gave higher values of growth, fruit yield, oil percentage and oil yield than Chinese plants. However, the major components, TPC and antioxidant activity (DPPH %) had higher values in Chinese essential oil than Egyptian essential oil. The highest values of all studied parameters were obtained by using BA at 100 ppm. GC–MS analysis of the volatile oils showed that the major components were trans-anethole followed by fenshone, ?- pinene and D-limonene, respectively for both essential oils. 100 ppm of BA gave the highest values of trans-anethole content and radical scavenging activities of oils. Therefore, we concluded that spraying fennel plants with 100 ppm BA can be used for obtaining higher vegetative growth, fruit and quantity and quality of oil.

Implications of Safe Street Foods in Dhaka City: An Opinion

Street foods play an important role in large group of economic people in the Dhaka city. And it is also the major source of income for floating vendors. Huge numbers of vendors sell dishes, snacks, fruits, and beverages in the megacity of Dhaka. The objective of this article is to promote and maintain the hygienic environment of selling street foods among vendors in Dhaka city. Contaminated foods cause various kinds of diarrheal diseases. To prevent this contagious disease food safety needs much more awareness. To ascertain safe street foods, the government and non-government organizations should implement rules and regulations strictly and appropriate programmes should be conducted. The various facets of street foods available in Dhaka city have been briefly described in the present article.

Efficacy and speed of conversion of recent onset atrial fibrillation using oral propafenone versus parenteral amiodarone: A randomized controlled comparative study

Background: Atrial fibrillation is the most commonly encountered arrhythmia. Several antiarrhythmic agents are effective in restoring and maintaining sinus rhythm. Aim of the work: To compare the efficacy and rapidity of conversion of recent onset atrial fibrillation using oral propafenone versus intravenous infusion of amiodarone. Methods: The study included 200 patients with recent onset atrial fibrillation. Patients were equally divided into 2 groups; group A where intravenous infusion amiodarone was given and group B where oral propafenone was administrated. The effectiveness and the time needed for conversion of atrial fibrillation to sinus rhythm were compared in both groups. Results: The success of conversion of atrial fibrillation to sinus rhythm was 83% in group A and 85% in group B, p-value ¼ 0.699. The time elapsed from drug administration till conversion of atrial fibrillation was 9.07 ± 5.04 hours in group A versus 3.9 ± 1.54 hours in group B, p-value ¼ 0.001. In both groups, patients who showed failed conversion had a significantly larger left atrial diameter and a significantly higher high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) level. Conclusion: Oral propafenone was faster than parenteral amiodarone in the conversion of recent onset atrial fibrillation to sinus rhythm. Patients with failed conversion had a bigger left atrial diameter and a higher hsCRP when compared to patients with successful conversion

Utility of video capsule endoscopy in clinical practice, experience at King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh

Background: Video capsule endoscopy (VCE) is a valuable diagnostic tool for the evaluation of the small intestine. Evidence shows that it is effective in the diagnosis of occult bleeding and superficial lesions that are not radiographicallyobserved. We evaluated the efficacy and safety of the capsule endoscopy in the diagnosis and management of the common gastrointestinal disorders.Methods: A retrospective chart review of a total of 326 candidates who have met the inclusion criteria and who underwent VCE from the period from January 2006 till December 2018.Results: The main indication for Video Capsule Endoscopy was small bowel overt gastrointestinal bleeding with 106 cases (32.6%) followed by iron deficiency anemia with 104 cases (32%). Capsule retention rate was observed in 11 cases (3.4%) 4 of which were crohn抯 disease patients (22.2%). Overall diagnostic yield was 36%, 64% for overt gastrointestinal bleeding and 41% for occult gastrointestinal bleeding. The most common reported positive finding was Angiodysplasia in 19.9% of cases, followed by ulcers in 13.8% of cases, followed by polyps in 8.3% of cases and erosions in 8% of cases.Conclusions: Video capsule endoscopy proved to be an essential diagnostic tool in gastrointestinal bleeding. Advantages of VCE include; less labor, higher resolution examination of mucosa, relative safety, and noninvasiveness. On the other hand, it does not offer intervention capabilities when compared with enteroscopy and its interpretation was sometimes difficult and time consuming. Risk of capsule retention remains significant especially in patients suffering from crohn抯 disease.

Assessment of Functional Mitral Regurgitation Severity by Proximal Isovelocity Surface Area via 3D Transthoracic Echocardiography

Background: Accurate quantitative evaluation of MR severity remains challenging because limited scan plane orientation of 2D echocardiography does not provide direct measurement of the regurgitant lesion. Three-dimensional echocardiography, which has become a clinically established technique, has been shown to provide useful information for flow quantification and so has the potential to address the major drawbacks of 2D-based approaches. Objectives: To assess the reliability of PISA measurement using real-time 3D color trans-thoracic echocardiographic imaging in clinical practice and to compare its derived EROA, regurgitant volume (Rvol) and regurgitant fraction with that obtained by 2D trans thoracic PISA. Patients and Methods: This cross-sectional study, included 30 patients with at least moderate functional MR came for evaluation on clinical basis indications at Al-Hussein and Bab El-Shaareya University Hospitals during the period from November 2020 to July 2021. Two- and three-dimensional echocardiography was done to asses MR and calculate vena contract width, 2D PISA and derived EORA and regurgitant volume. Also, calculation of 3D EROA using PISA method by 3D probe. Results: There was a significant positive correlation between 2D EPISA and 3D EROA using PISA method and EROA, p value was 0.0001. With higher values for 3D EROA using PISA method when compared with 2D PISA in different degrees of MR as summarized in “the mean value of EROA by 2D PISA in moderate MR was 0.25 ±0.042 cm2, while it was 0.32±0.059 cm2 by 3D EROA using PISA method. While the mean value of EROA by 2D PISA in severe MR was 0.58 ±0.14 cm2, and it was 0.47 ±0.049 cm2 by 3D EROA”. Also showed significant difference in different direction of MR jets especially in eccentric jet as shown by the mean value of EROA by 2D PISA in central MR was 0.41±0.19 cm2, while it was 0.41±0.87 cm2 by 3D method. While the mean value of EROA by 2D PISA in eccentric MR was 0.53 ±0.21 cm2, and it was 0.44 ±0.096 cm2 by 3D EROA using PISA method. Conclusion: The use of 3D EROA using PISA method and simple calculation of a mean systolic regurgitation orifice area proved to be superior to 2D measures (VC, 2D-PISA) for distinguishing moderate from severe MR, evaluation, classification and grading of MR in a routine clinical cardiology setting. 3D EROA reduces assumptions and seemingly improves diagnostic value as compared with 2D-PISA

Blocking Toll-like receptor 9 attenuates bleomycin-induced pulmonary injury

Background@#Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is one of the most common complications in coronavirus disease 2019 patients suffering from acute lung injury (ALI). In ARDS, marked distortion of pulmonary architecture has been reported. The pulmonary lesions in ARDS include hemodynamic derangements (such as alveolar edema and hemorrhage), vascular and bronchiolar damage, interstitial inflammatory cellular aggregations, and eventually fibrosis. Bleomycin induces ARDS-representative pulmonary damage in mice and rats; therefore, we used bleomycin model mice in our study. Recently, Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) was implicated in the development of ARDS and ALI. @*Methods@#In this study, we evaluated the efficiency of a TLR9 blocker (ODN2088) on bleomycin-induced pulmonary damage. We measured the apoptosis rate, inflammatory reaction, and fibroplasia in bleomycin- and bleomycin + ODN2088-treated mice. @*Results@#Our results showed a significant amelioration in bleomycin-induced damage to pulmonary architecture following ODN2088 treatment. A marked decrease in pulmonary epithelial and endothelial apoptosis rate as measured by cleaved caspase-3 expression, inflammatory reaction as indicated by tumor necrosis factor α expression, and pulmonary fibrosis as demonstrated by Van Gieson staining and α-smooth muscle actin immunohistochemistry were observed following ODN2088 treatment. @*Conclusions@#All these findings indicate that blocking downstream TLR9 signaling could be beneficial in prevention or mitigation of ARDS through hemodynamic derangements, inflammation, apoptosis, and fibrosis.